合成氨基酸对肉鸡肠道功能的改善作用

鸡球虫病、坏死性肠炎等肠道感染可能对消化道内源性氨基酸损失产生较大影响。虽然对这一课题的了解不多，但相关文献报道了这些疾病对氨基酸表观回肠消化率的影响。在确定肠内氨基酸流动时必须考虑多种因素，包括肉鸡的年龄、是否有病原体、肠内氨基酸代谢等。胃肠道和肝脏共同承担向外周血释放氨基酸的任务，这些氨基酸是支持蛋白质合成所必需的。一般来说，肠道是氨基酸代谢反应的一个非常活跃的器官系统，它首先会满足自身对氨基酸的需求，然后才会将氨基酸输送到机体其他部分。因此，本综述旨在讨论影响肠内氨基酸流动的因素及日粮氨基酸和肠道感染对氨基酸利用和代谢的影响。     

滞绿突变对大豆叶片蔗糖代谢相关基因表达的影响

为研究大豆滞绿突变对叶片衰老过程中蔗糖代谢相关基因表达产生的影响，以晋大滞绿1号及其亲本晋大74号为试验材料，测定了大豆开花后至成熟期间叶片可溶性糖含量的变化趋势，并对比了不同基因型大豆品种叶片衰老过程中蔗糖代谢相关基因的表达差异。结果表明:1)花后至成熟期间，2个供试大豆品种可溶性总糖含量均呈波动升高然后降低的变化趋势。花后14至42天，晋大滞绿1号可溶性总糖含量高于晋大74号；2)花后29至42天，晋大滞绿1号蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因SPS4，转化酶基因CInv、CWInv2以及蔗糖合酶基因SS1、SS2-2表达水平显著高于非滞绿品种晋大74号；己糖激酶和果糖激酶基因Hxk和Frk表达量也高于非滞绿品种晋大74号；3)除 SUT4-1外，其余6个蔗糖转运体基因SUTs的表达模式具有明显的品种特异性。花后29至42天，晋大滞绿1号叶片SUTs表达水平较高。综上，滞绿突变对于大豆蔗糖代谢相关基因的表达产生了明显的影响，特别是在鼓粒初期和中期等大豆籽粒形成的关键时期，滞绿品种晋大滞绿1号蔗糖代谢相关基因的表达更加活跃。     

抑制肠道气呼吸大鳞副泥鳅主要呼吸器官的组织病理

为了阐明肠道气呼吸对泥鳅的生理作用,本研究通过抑制大鳞副泥鳅肠道气呼吸,探究其主要呼吸器官的组织病理变化。结果显示,被抑制肠道气呼吸的大鳞副泥鳅通常在1周左右死亡。当被抑制肠道气呼吸的大鳞副泥鳅出现垂死时,采集对照组和实验组的鳃、皮肤、前肠、中肠、后肠以及直肠进行苏木素—伊红(H.E)染色、阿利新蓝—高碘酸雪夫氏(AB-PAS)染色组织切片观察和扫描电镜观察,主要的病理变化:①H.E染色结果显示实验组大鳞副泥鳅鳃丝末端充血,背部皮肤表皮层的毛细血管收缩并减少,且真皮层细胞呈畸形,前肠黏膜褶膨大,后肠浆膜层有血红细胞渗出,后肠、直肠结缔组织显著增厚;②AB-PAS染色结果显示,实验组大鳞副泥鳅鳃、背部皮肤、后肠、直肠组织中嗜酸性空泡细胞均增多,前肠和中肠固有层酸性黏蛋白含量增多,黏膜下层中性黏蛋白含量减少;③扫描电镜结果显示,实验组大鳞副泥鳅鳃丝鳃小片表面皱缩,表皮受损脱落,背部皮肤表面分泌孔增加,中肠内腔表面突起增多,后肠和直肠絮状颗粒增多。研究表明,抑制大鳞副泥鳅肠道气呼吸会引发其主要呼吸器官上皮组织出现黏液细胞增多、血红细胞溢出等病理变化,甚至导致机体死亡,由此可知,肠道气呼吸行为是大鳞副泥鳅的必要生理活动。本研究将为大鳞副泥鳅的健康养殖及幼苗培育提供新的参考。     

外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下大豆鼓粒期生理和产量的影响

干旱胁迫降低大豆产量,探究提高大豆耐旱能力和降低产量损失的机制对大豆生产具有重要意义。施褪黑素能缓解干旱胁迫对植株生长的抑制和氧化损伤。本试验于2017—2018年研究叶面喷施褪黑素对干旱胁迫下大豆鼓粒期叶片光合、抗逆、碳氮代谢和产量的影响表明,外源褪黑素提高干旱胁迫下大豆叶片抗氧化酶活性,抑制活性氧的产生和细胞膜损伤,缓解干旱胁迫对光合能力的抑制,提高碳氮同化能力,最终缓解干旱胁迫造成的产量损失。与干旱胁迫相比,褪黑素处理下单株荚数、单株粒数和百粒重两年平均提高了2.9%、0.8%和17.2%,产量(单株粒重)平均提高了14.7%。     

Comparison of effects of dietary‐specific fatty acids on growth and lipid metabolism in Nile tilapia

The dominant fatty acids (FAs) in oils are often used to explain different nutritional effects of dietary oils in fish. However, the amounts of dominant FAs among oils are different, and the nutritional roles of these important FAs in fish have not been precisely compared at similar levels in feeding trials. In the present study, different amounts of palmitic acid were added to safflower oil (SO), olive oil (OO) and fish oil (FO) to obtain comparable amounts (about 550 g/kg of total FAs) of 18:2n‐6, 18:1n‐9 and 20:5n‐3 + 22:6n‐3 and subsequently fed to Nile tilapia (11.1 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. The results showed similar growth among groups but FO group obtained lower fat deposition, serum ALT and AST activities, compared to OO. Lipogenesis‐related gene expressions were higher in OO group than FO group in liver, muscle and adipose tissue, but there were only few differences in these genes between SO and FO groups. Lipid catabolism genes in FO group were higher than OO and SO groups in adipose tissue, but not in muscle, and the significantly higher expressions of CPT1b and PPARα were only observed in liver. Overall, dietary 18:2n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 were beneficial to normal growth and lipid metabolism, whereas high amount of 18:1n‐9 induced lipid deposition and liver damage in Nile tilapia.     

Effects of different active constituents of Gynostemma pentaphyllum on mitochondrial energy metabolism-related proteins in endothelial cells induced by ox-LDL

AIM To investigate the effects of different components of Gynostemma pentaphyllum ［gypenosides (Gps), gypenoside XLIX (GpXLIX) and ginsenoside Rb3 (GRb3)］ on mitochondrial energy metabolism-related proteins in endothelial cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). METHODS EA.hy926 cells were divided into control group, model group, Gps group, GpXLIX group and GRb3 group. The cells in control group were cultured only in DMEM complete medium. The cells in model group were treated with 100 mg/L ox-LDL for 48 h. The cells in Gps group, GpXLIX group and GRb3 group were treated with 100 mg/L ox-LDL for 24 h, and then treated with Gps, GpXLIX and GRb3 at 100 mg/L for another 24 h, respectively. The ATP content in each group was detected by ELISA. The expression levels of mitochondrial energy metabolism-related proteins, cytochrome C oxidase subunit 5a （Cox5a）, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1 （Ndufs1）, ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha (ATP5a) and cytochrome C (Cyt C）, were determined by Wes automatic Western blot quantitative analysis system and Western blot. RESULTS Compared with control group, the ATP content in model group was decreased (P<0.01). After drug intervention, the ATP content increased to different degrees in Gps group, GpXLIX group and GRb3 group (P<0.01). The results of Wes automatic Western blot quantitative analysis system were consistent with those of Western blot. These results showed that compared with control group, the protein expression of Cox5a, Ndufs1 and ATP5a in model group was decreased, and the protein expression of Cyt C was increased (P<0.01). After intervention, the protein expression of Cox5a, Ndufs1 and ATP5a was increased and the protein expression of Cyt C was decreased in Gps group, GpXLIX group and GRb3 group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Among them, the effect of Gps on the protein expression of Cox5a, Ndufs1 and Cyt C was significantly stronger than those of the 2 monomer components, and the effect of GRb3 was found to be superior in the 2 monomer components. The effect of GpXLIX on ATP5a protein was superior to the other 2 components. CONCLUSION Gynostemma total saponins and related active ingredients protect ox-LDL-induced endothelial cells by affecting mitochondrial energy metabolism-related proteins, thereby preventing and treating atherosclerosis.     

5味中药醇提物对尼罗罗非鱼白细胞免疫活性的作用

将超微五倍子、白头翁、地榆、柯子、虎杖粉碎后过160目筛,按照料液比1∶10将药粉与60%的乙醇水溶液混合,再用超声波粉碎机超声1 h,用滤纸过滤收集滤液,置于多样品平行蒸发仪中浓缩后制得中药提取物。用吸取0.2 mL抗凝剂的无菌注射器自尼罗罗非鱼尾静脉采血0.5 mL,与L-15细胞培养基按体积比1∶9的比例混合成血浆,与中草药提取液单用、联用共孵育,利用氮蓝四唑还原法和流式细胞仪技术分别测定中草药提取液对尼罗罗非鱼外周血白细胞呼吸爆发活性和白细胞吞噬活性的影响。试验结果显示,五倍子、白头翁、地榆、柯子、虎杖单用均能显著提高白细胞氧呼吸爆发活性,呼吸爆发增加率分别为128.68%、123.96%、28.37%、44.44%和78.93%;试验组白细胞吞噬率分别较对照组增加44.04%、44.66%、95.00%、10.35%和64.93%。在两味中药双联用试验中,对白细胞氧呼吸爆发活性呈协同作用的组合为白头翁+地榆,呼吸爆发联用指数为1.28;对白细胞吞噬活性呈协同作用的组合为白头翁+虎杖、柯子+虎杖、五倍子+虎杖和白头翁+柯子,吞噬联用指数分别为11.45、6.20、3.03和1.06。     

饲料脂肪源和碘酸钾对中华鳖稚鳖生长、存活率、肝肠组织形态和脂类代谢的影响

为了比较饲料中添加鱼油、茶籽油、亚麻籽油以及碘酸钾对中华鳖（）稚鳖生长和脂类代谢的影响，本研究配制了4种油脂含量为10%的饲料，分别为鱼油料（FO，对照组）、鱼油+碘酸钾料（FO+PI，碘酸钾添加量为75 mg/kg）、茶籽油料（TO）和亚麻籽油料（LO），饲喂初重为（5.06±0.05）g的中华鳖66 d。FO+PI组和LO组中华鳖稚鳖的存活率显著低于FO组（<0.05）。各组中华鳖稚鳖血浆中葡萄糖、总胆固醇和甘油三酯水平无显著差异（ACACA）的表达水平，上调了中华鳖-499的表达水平（-23b的表达水平（<0.05）。FO+PI组和TO组的稚鳖肝脏细胞内脂滴空泡较少，同时TO显著影响了肠道组织的黏膜褶。结论认为，相比于鱼油组，在饲料中添加10%茶籽油、亚麻籽油和添加75 mg/kg碘酸钾不会引起稚鳖生长差异，但是亚麻籽油和碘酸钾降低了稚鳖的存活率，茶籽油和碘酸钾影响肝脏的脂类代谢。     

H2S的信号分子作用及其对果蔬采后生理代谢的调控研究进展

硫化氢（H2S）作为气体信号分子，参与调控植物体的一系列生命活动，并在果蔬采后生理代谢过程中发挥着重要作用。本文综述了H2S的理化性质、发展应用历史及其在果蔬采后生理调控机制中的信号分子作用，讨论了H2S对果蔬生理代谢的调控作用，包括对果蔬采后抗逆性和品质的影响，以期为采后果蔬的贮藏保鲜提供理论参考。     

天然富含可可碱茶树的研究进展

天然富含可可碱茶树是一类以可可碱为代表性生物碱的稀有茶树种质资源,具有独特的保健功效与挖掘利用价值。从生化成分组成特征、生物代谢途径和可可碱在茶树体内富含的分子机理,对可可茶、红芽茶、秃房茶和厚轴茶4份新近发现的天然富含可可碱茶树进行比较研究与综述。结果发现,可可碱占茶叶干重的质量分数高达2%～6%,咖啡碱则低于0.5%;优势儿茶素单体为没食子酸儿茶素没食子酸酯,而表没食子酸儿茶素没食子酸酯含量较低;咖啡碱合成酶活性位点精氨酸突变为组氨酸使N-甲基转移酶的底物特异性发生变化,从而导致咖啡碱合成酶终止合成咖啡碱并使得可可碱在茶树体内富集。天然富含可可碱茶树资源丰富了茶种的多样性,但开发利用度尚有限,结合当前茶树育种技术的发展状态,对天然富含可可碱茶树种质的繁育与资源挖掘利用进行了展望。